RF Jammers
Convoy Protection in Europe
During the conflict in Bosnia Herzegovina, humanitarian organisms were not able to bring assistance to those that had need of it because of the lack of cooperation of the military factions who ordered the access to the populations the done more divest. This is only when of the military convoy protection were furnished – and when those that assured them created the impression that they effectively were going to do usage of the force – that the make unstable is itself attended.
Usefulness of escorts armies or militaries in many cases – the big majority – the usage of escorts armies or military officers would go in opposition to the in demand effect. She would risk then to compromise the security of the humanitarian personnel and to return it less in measure of furnish an assistance effectively according to the needs and regardless of the race, religious convictions or nationality. Here some examples:
- The cooperation with an exterior military force – there understands with a force under mandate of the UN can drive actors local to establish an association between the humanitarian organisms and the political objectives and military officers of this force.
- The cooperation with escorts armies or military officers who do not have the means to have the superiority in case of attack – and of maintain the open ways for later convoys – can return with convoy protection device or the more vulnerable ways than if there was not escort.
- If dependence creates itself in comparison with a force military officer or army – foreign or local – it becomes often impossible of Operate without her.
- Cooperate with one of the belligerent ones can do that it will be impossible or dangerous to operate on a territory controlled by another Belligerent, to less than an agreement concerning the relief to the border.
These problems are exacerbated when, as this is generally the case, the humanitarian actors remain in the conflict zone after the Departure of the exterior military forces. Consequence of the non-job of military escorts or armies Regardless of their usefulness, certain organisms humanitarian – because of general principles – do not want to do to protect their Convoys by military escorts or armies. This position can reinforce one general tendency to the direct supply of humanitarian services by military forces Foreign. If the humanitarian organisms do not want or not cannot furnish humanitarian services, it is more and more probable than of the foreign military forces will take their place. This is true for reasons also well military officers (for example, in the aiming framework of a business to obtain the favors of the population within which a force operates) that strictly institutional (for example, if it is necessary that the military forces are perceived as active during periods where the threat is weak) or immediately political (for example, in the framework of a business of public relation with such or such group of Population of the State that sends the military forces). The experience to the Kosovo offers another example of the measure in which of the bilateral and multilateral actors are able and want to load themselves of functions that are normally the one of humanitarian organisms Indépendants20. Even if the case of the Kosovo remains unique, certain western States, the Union European and NATO rethink their military doctrine, particularly in the domain of the security, and look for how to use to certain civil ends of Their means and military resources currently sous-utilisés21. v. Political and already practice in place TO the UN, the wording of applicable political ones to the accompaniment of the humanitarian convoys by escorts armies and military officers, thus what to the akin questions, for example the job of armed services of security or Military officers in installations set up, was done without unity. On the whole nevertheless, the organisms of the United Nations adopted political that recognize the necessity of Escort armies or military officers in circumstances exceptionnelles22. In the case of the armed guards furnish by the corporations of security services to escort convoys, this is the directive relating to the security broadcast January 9 1996 concerning the job on duty armed by the organisms of the Nations United that applies. This job necessitates the authorization of the Coordinator of the United Nations for the security questions. On the subject of the protection by forces of the Nations United, the authorization to send a forces, that this be to establish peace or for the Do respect, raises Security Council that stops also the mandate of this force.
In any case, the protection that is asked a military element of an operation of maintaining the peace of the UN for humanitarian convoys must be in accordance with the mandate of this operation of maintaining the peace such as it was defined by the Counsel Of security. The different exterior humanitarian organisms to the UN apply to the political aspects. The Movement of the Red Cross judges manner general any protection army of while composing from the in contrast to Movement the Following basic principles: humanity, independence, impartiality and Neutralité23. Certain other, particularly among the agents of execution of organisms United Nations, does not have any such objections24. Efforts were done to define a political one town to all the humanitarian organisms, including just as well the members of the family of the United Nations that have humanitarian mandates that the humanitarian organisms Non-governmental. In 1995, the permanent Committee adopted the report of the special Group on the job of the military resources and protection Civil to the support of the operations humanitaires25. This report speaks not in particular of the job of escorts armies or military officers but enunciates six applicable general principles to the military usage of all the resources to the support of humanitarian operations:
I. The decisions to accept the military resources must be taken by the humanitarian organisms, and not by authorities Political, and only on the basis of humanitarian criteria.
II. The military resources must not be asked what if it does not exist in any comparable civil solution and only if their job can reply to a sharp humanitarian need. The military resource considered has therefore not to exist otherwise or to be able to be deployed more quickly, and his usage must be done in last recourse.
III. A humanitarian operation that uses resources Military officers must preserve his nature and his civil characters. She has continue on the whole to depend on the humanitarian organism person in charge of the operation and to be directed by him, whatever arrangements special concerning the order of which depends the resource Considered military officer. As much as possible, this resource must be used without weapons and have a civil appearance.
IV. The countries that furnish military quotas to support humanitarian operations must watch to what they respect the code of driving and the principles of the humanitarian organism Person in charge of the deployment.
V. Participation, on a big ladder, of military officers to the direct supply of humanitarian assistance must be avoided.
VI. Any usage of military resources must be such as the humanitarian operation preserves his international character and Multilateral. The principles i and ii, that are the more generals, are obviously applicable to the special case of the escorts armies or military officers.
The Principles iii to VI can be less applicable. Principle iii for example, risks bother the aptitude of the escort army or military officer to dissuade sufficiently the attacks Potential. In the practice, the various humanitarian organisms do not have to be removed, even if they can take their decisions in different criteria. Conclusion: The generally restrictive practice followed by the body big humanitarian organisms is fitting. Whatever the directives that will be adopted, they will have to take account of the general objective that consists of limit the cases in which these organisms will have to resort to escorts armies or Military officers. It is necessary to congratulate him for the convergence of the practices enters the humanitarian organisms in the field and to reinforce it so, eventually, of Find a common position to the body of between they whatever the operation. The directives that will be approved, which that they Are, will have to take account of what the decisions are taken to two levels: first, one decides date to which the escorts armies or military officers are used and, once this decision is take, one decides manner of which that has itself Do.
Usefulness of escorts armies or militaries in many cases – the big majority – the usage of escorts armies or military officers would go in opposition to the in demand effect. She would risk then to compromise the security of the humanitarian personnel and to return it less in measure of furnish an assistance effectively according to the needs and regardless of the race, religious convictions or nationality. Here some examples:
- The cooperation with an exterior military force – there understands with a force under mandate of the UN can drive actors local to establish an association between the humanitarian organisms and the political objectives and military officers of this force.
- The cooperation with escorts armies or military officers who do not have the means to have the superiority in case of attack – and of maintain the open ways for later convoys – can return with convoy protection device or the more vulnerable ways than if there was not escort.
- If dependence creates itself in comparison with a force military officer or army – foreign or local – it becomes often impossible of Operate without her.
- Cooperate with one of the belligerent ones can do that it will be impossible or dangerous to operate on a territory controlled by another Belligerent, to less than an agreement concerning the relief to the border.
These problems are exacerbated when, as this is generally the case, the humanitarian actors remain in the conflict zone after the Departure of the exterior military forces. Consequence of the non-job of military escorts or armies Regardless of their usefulness, certain organisms humanitarian – because of general principles – do not want to do to protect their Convoys by military escorts or armies. This position can reinforce one general tendency to the direct supply of humanitarian services by military forces Foreign. If the humanitarian organisms do not want or not cannot furnish humanitarian services, it is more and more probable than of the foreign military forces will take their place. This is true for reasons also well military officers (for example, in the aiming framework of a business to obtain the favors of the population within which a force operates) that strictly institutional (for example, if it is necessary that the military forces are perceived as active during periods where the threat is weak) or immediately political (for example, in the framework of a business of public relation with such or such group of Population of the State that sends the military forces). The experience to the Kosovo offers another example of the measure in which of the bilateral and multilateral actors are able and want to load themselves of functions that are normally the one of humanitarian organisms Indépendants20. Even if the case of the Kosovo remains unique, certain western States, the Union European and NATO rethink their military doctrine, particularly in the domain of the security, and look for how to use to certain civil ends of Their means and military resources currently sous-utilisés21. v. Political and already practice in place TO the UN, the wording of applicable political ones to the accompaniment of the humanitarian convoys by escorts armies and military officers, thus what to the akin questions, for example the job of armed services of security or Military officers in installations set up, was done without unity. On the whole nevertheless, the organisms of the United Nations adopted political that recognize the necessity of Escort armies or military officers in circumstances exceptionnelles22. In the case of the armed guards furnish by the corporations of security services to escort convoys, this is the directive relating to the security broadcast January 9 1996 concerning the job on duty armed by the organisms of the Nations United that applies. This job necessitates the authorization of the Coordinator of the United Nations for the security questions. On the subject of the protection by forces of the Nations United, the authorization to send a forces, that this be to establish peace or for the Do respect, raises Security Council that stops also the mandate of this force.
In any case, the protection that is asked a military element of an operation of maintaining the peace of the UN for humanitarian convoys must be in accordance with the mandate of this operation of maintaining the peace such as it was defined by the Counsel Of security. The different exterior humanitarian organisms to the UN apply to the political aspects. The Movement of the Red Cross judges manner general any protection army of while composing from the in contrast to Movement the Following basic principles: humanity, independence, impartiality and Neutralité23. Certain other, particularly among the agents of execution of organisms United Nations, does not have any such objections24. Efforts were done to define a political one town to all the humanitarian organisms, including just as well the members of the family of the United Nations that have humanitarian mandates that the humanitarian organisms Non-governmental. In 1995, the permanent Committee adopted the report of the special Group on the job of the military resources and protection Civil to the support of the operations humanitaires25. This report speaks not in particular of the job of escorts armies or military officers but enunciates six applicable general principles to the military usage of all the resources to the support of humanitarian operations:
I. The decisions to accept the military resources must be taken by the humanitarian organisms, and not by authorities Political, and only on the basis of humanitarian criteria.
II. The military resources must not be asked what if it does not exist in any comparable civil solution and only if their job can reply to a sharp humanitarian need. The military resource considered has therefore not to exist otherwise or to be able to be deployed more quickly, and his usage must be done in last recourse.
III. A humanitarian operation that uses resources Military officers must preserve his nature and his civil characters. She has continue on the whole to depend on the humanitarian organism person in charge of the operation and to be directed by him, whatever arrangements special concerning the order of which depends the resource Considered military officer. As much as possible, this resource must be used without weapons and have a civil appearance.
IV. The countries that furnish military quotas to support humanitarian operations must watch to what they respect the code of driving and the principles of the humanitarian organism Person in charge of the deployment.
V. Participation, on a big ladder, of military officers to the direct supply of humanitarian assistance must be avoided.
VI. Any usage of military resources must be such as the humanitarian operation preserves his international character and Multilateral. The principles i and ii, that are the more generals, are obviously applicable to the special case of the escorts armies or military officers.
The Principles iii to VI can be less applicable. Principle iii for example, risks bother the aptitude of the escort army or military officer to dissuade sufficiently the attacks Potential. In the practice, the various humanitarian organisms do not have to be removed, even if they can take their decisions in different criteria. Conclusion: The generally restrictive practice followed by the body big humanitarian organisms is fitting. Whatever the directives that will be adopted, they will have to take account of the general objective that consists of limit the cases in which these organisms will have to resort to escorts armies or Military officers. It is necessary to congratulate him for the convergence of the practices enters the humanitarian organisms in the field and to reinforce it so, eventually, of Find a common position to the body of between they whatever the operation. The directives that will be approved, which that they Are, will have to take account of what the decisions are taken to two levels: first, one decides date to which the escorts armies or military officers are used and, once this decision is take, one decides manner of which that has itself Do.
